Finding False Memories Of The Mall - 1446 Words

Texperiences. Some people might argue that getting lost in the mall is too common of an experience to demonstrate false memories. For this argument, Hyman et al. constructed an experiment to show the occurrence of false memories in less that common childhood events including spilling punch at a wedding and a sprinkler system going off a at grocery store. For one variation of this study, Hyman et al. implanted the memory of an overnight hospitalization with a high fever, and possible ear infection. The participants were told they were going to be asked about events from their childhood based on information provided by their parents. They were then given the titles of the events (including the false visit to the hospital) and asked to†¦show more content†¦Some ideas in the field include looking at the response speed of the recollection of memories, and the emotion felt when recalling the memory (Reisberg). A common assumption is that the confidence with which memory is recalled could indic ate its accuracy. However, there is very little association with how sure someone is about the occurrence of an event and how accurate their recollection is. We are often sure of our false memories. Smith, Ellsworth, and Kassin explain this in their study on Eyewitness Accuracy and Confidence. They note that most officials in court cases overwhelmingly believe confidence in eyewitness testimony to be positively correlated with accuracy. To disprove this, they studied about 100 undergraduate students from Stanford University. They had the students watch a car accident, participate in a filler task, and then answer questions about the car accident. They were asked to rate the confidence on their answers on a scale of 1 (no clue) to 10 (absolutely sure). The researchers then computed the correlation of accuracy and confidence and found the same conclusion as Reisberg explained: confidence can not be solid an indicator of accuracy (Smith 358). In fact, the more we are asked to recall a memory, the more confident we become, which is unfortunate because it s easy to create a false memory. Let us take anShow MoreRelatedThe Car Crash Study By Loftus And Palmer1179 Words   |  5 Pages The Car Crash Study was done in 1974 by Loftus and Palmer that was aimed to test their theory that the language used in an eyewitness testimonies can alter the eyewitness’s memory of the event. They got 45 American students and showed them 7 films of traffic accidents, ranging from 5 to 30 seconds, in a random order. Afterwards the subjects were asked to describe what happened as if they were at the accident. They were then asked more specific questions such as, â€Å"About how fast were the cars goingRead MoreProject M2 : False Memory1635 Words   |  7 Pages Project M2: False Memory Literature review. This project is based on false memory and asks the question, â€Å"Will words that are presented visually evoke false recall of an associated word more than if words are presented aurally?† False memory has been defined as, â€Å"A mental experience that is mistakenly taken to be a veridical representation of an event from one’s personal past. Memories can be false in relatively minor ways, believing one last saw the keys in the kitchen when they were in the livingRead MoreDoes Drm Effect Affect Memory?1553 Words   |  7 PagesDRM paradigm has been used to produce false memories in controlled conditions. For our project we used positive and neutral mood inductions to examine an effect on false memories using the DRM lists. Storbeck and Clore (2005) found that negative mood leads to fewer false memories and that there is not effect of positive mood on memory. The current experiment is rested on two hypotheses: one that mood does not affect memory; therefore, accuracy will not differ between the two conditions. Second hypothesisRead MoreAsparagus, a Love Story: Healthier Eating Could Be a False Memory Away2000 Words   |  8 PagesAsparagus, a Love Story: Healthier Eating Could Be a False Memory Away Utshav Tiwari East Central University Asparagus, a Love Story: Healthier Eating Could Be Just a False Memory Away Summary The article is about false memory. The researchers are trying to find out the effect of planting positive false memory in an individual. The authors of the article are; CaraRead MoreFalse Memory Essay1786 Words   |  8 PagesFalse memory, second to forgetting, is one of the two fundamental types of deformation in episodic memory (Holliday, Brainerd Reyna, 2010). Simply stated, false memory is the propensity to account normal occurrences as being a fraction of a key experience that in actuality was not an element of that experience (Holliday, Brainerd Reyna). False memories are something nearly everyone experience. Furthermore, false memory is defined as placed together, constructed representations of mental schemasRead MoreExamine and Assess the Influence of Other People on Human Behaviour and Performance.1704 Words   |  7 Pagestodays technologically advanced society. Finally, the essay will use the research done by Loftus and Palmer in the 1970s together with Loftus and Pickerell (1995) to assess and evaluate the influence of other people on human performance, in this case, memory and how it can be distorted by others. The aim of Adorno et als (1950) study was to measure personality and the predisposition for fascism (the F-scale) through the quantitative method of administering questionnaires to over 2000 participantsRead MoreFalse Memory : How It Impacts Everyday Life And Society2076 Words   |  9 Pages False Memory: How it Impacts Everyday Life and Society Sami Bickford Caledonia-Mumford High School Abstract False memory involves rebuilding memories by filling in the gaps with interpretations and then eventually convincing oneself that it is true. There are multiple different causes to the creation of false memory and ways of identifying what is true or false. Therapist manipulation by implanting false memories of sexual abuse as a child in to their patients has become a majorRead MoreWhat Is A False Memory?2142 Words   |  9 PagesCherry, K. (2016, March 19). What Is a False Memory? Retrieved April 30, 2016, from https:// www.verywell.com/what-is-a-false-memory-2795193 This webpage presents false memory at a glance. The webpage covers topics relating specifically to false memory, such as the definitions, causes, impacts, and who is affected. The author distinguishes false memory from other forms of memory fallibility. Also, the author indicates the various factors that influence false memory like misinformation, misattributionRead MoreAnalyzing the Problem of a Witness Recall of Memory Based on Psychiatric Intervention2057 Words   |  8 PagesFalse Memories Petition 1) The problem of a witness recall of memory based on psychiatric intervention- the evidence of which is unreliable It is humbly submitted that oral evidence all over the world forms the primary form of evidence. What a person sees, hears and probably experiences are part of the testimony which can be rebutted by a cross examination. In the adversarial form of criminal law, evidence of this type must be subject to a cross examination by the defence. In the case of a personRead MoreRepressed Memories Essay3891 Words   |  16 PagesRepressed Memories Abstract In recent years there has been a hot debate between repressed vs. false memories. Neurobiological studies show that both suppression and recall and the creation of false memories are possible. This paper evaluates the evidence but forth by both sides of the controversy and concludes that both are feasible and separate phenomenon, which occur at significant rates in our society. Further biological research on the effect of psychological trauma on the neurochemistry

Essay about Economic Competition Should we Care about the...

Economic Competition: Should We Care about the losers? Only if you’re doing it wrong Jonathan Wolff is the head of philosophy at the University College of London. In one of his pieces titled, Economic Competition: Should We Care About The Losers, he particularly focuses on the economic wellbeing on individuals whom interests may be in danger within economic competition. After discussing several subcategories within economic play, Wolff believes that we have a moral obligation to help those that may be taken advantage of in the commercial world. These potential â€Å"losers†, he states, fluctuates between producers and consumers. Within his description, Wolff clarifies that exploitation is a direct consequence of economic competition. â€Å"†¦show more content†¦He identifies the action as not merely taking advantage of someone, but playing in a way that their actions should be an essential component in the achievement of one’s goals. Therefore, Wolff presents the idea of a â€Å"moral safety net† (i.e. social security, bankruptcy laws) that prevents such exploitation to take place (609). However, as much as it is known that exploitation is possible within the market, Wolff only subtly grasps the idea of economic competition. Although he gives a decent argument about the interests of those who may potentially suffer let us talk about legitimate microeconomics and how they will affect society. In Wolff’s entire argument, he focuses on only one scope of competition, production efficiency. This is where a good is produced at the lowest input cost possible. Obviously this will not maximize social welfare because the ultimate purpose is to eventually surpass the original level of production and maximize profit. Given that the level of production within a business fluctuated to maximize social welfare, a whole new story- one Wolff ignores- is given. Here, marginal benefit is equal to one’s marginal cost and therefore, producers and consumers have come to a win-win situation. Unlike John Wolff, it should also be duly noted that within the producer realm, employees are not exploited. How often is an individual chained to their desk (606)? Within capitalist economics, wages are fairly paid by an emp loyer’s profits. WeShow MoreRelatedFree Trade s Defence : The Ricardian Theory Of Trade1670 Words   |  7 Pagestheory of trade states that â€Å"Trade is a positive-sum game and therefore there are no losers across or within countries† (dowling). On the contrary, Paul Krugman questions the necessity of free trade and the notion presented by this theory. Asserting that even though free trade agreements seem to provide a win-win outcome for countries, one country is guaranteed to benefit much more; establishing a winner and loser (Krugman free trade passe). These different ideologies are one of the various argumentsRead MorePoverty and Classism752 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents in poverty the opportunities and access it affords to most other students. Without good education, most people would encounter challenges in finding income-generating work, especially when there are few employment opportunities during an economic downturn. According to Koppelman and Goodhart, merchants would sometimes exploit the poor by enforcing or formulating policies that would earn them more profits. These practices include blank price tags, bait and switch, rent-to-own and pawnshopsRead MoreIs Education A Common Good?1299 Words   |  6 Pages We, in the United States of America, live in an inarguably market-driven economy where he who has the most or the best usually wins. Whether its the most wealth, the most power, the most influence, or when speaking of education, the most opportunity; starting out on top has life altering advantages. Many Americans would argue that Education is a common good, a stepping-stone through which students can make something better of their futures. Therefore, should society set up a system to createRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Effects of Globalization1570 Words   |  7 Pagesoutsourced overseas; find it hard to feel positive about globalization. Watching families lose their homes and children going hungry is a disgrace considering we are the greatest country in the world. Maybe we are our own worst enemies to a degree. The collapse of our economy is partially due to globalization and our own greed. What happened to the middle-class? Unemployment is at an all time high since the Great Depression of the 1930’s. What we are experiencing now has been referred to as theRead MoreStrategy Non Market Environments953 Words   |  4 Pageskill, but can you hold when scavengers come o Eat fast if you’re a cheetah ï‚ · Value Creation o Economic Activity ï‚ · Value Capture o Power, Leverage Companies you create (value you create) must be cognizant of game to come (value capture) Boeing ï‚ · Site distribution throughout US, most Congressional districts o Helps when applying / bidding for contracts o Decision making process in Congress ï‚ · If only worried about â€Å"capturing an antelope† (market environment), wouldn’t design locations for supply chain thisRead MoreAutomotive Benchmarking1215 Words   |  5 Pagesrealize demand (University of Phoenix, 2006). Organizations that care about how the strength of the economy might affect their ability t o raise prices or how it might determine the price of goods and services they must buy will pay close attention to fiscal and monetary policy (University of Phoenix, 2006, p.1). The following paper will discuss the tools used by the Federal Reserve to control the money supply. Because organizations should not only look at the economy as a whole but also take into considerationRead MoreThe Discipline : The Art And Practice Of The Learning Organization2305 Words   |  10 Pagesthe answerers when in fact they do not. When a difficult issues arise a manager may not know the answerer will hide behind the lowest IQ of management deflecting a response. To easy the burden on management and improve product quality. Organizations should motivate and support personal mastery culture. Personal mastery allows an employee to vision and clarify ones growth at work. They can create a mental internal image ranging a simple generalization to complex theories of how the world works. A sharedRead Mo reModern Liberalism : A Strong And Integrated System Of Ideas, Values, And Beliefs Essay1969 Words   |  8 PagesAn ideology is a consistent and integrated system of ideas, values, and beliefs about who should get what, when, and how. While many Americans avoid labeling, preferring to call themselves moderates, two major ideologies are prominent in American politics: Modern conservatism believes in free market capitalism, limited government, and individual self-reliance without government aid. Much of modern conservatism reflects values it shares with classic liberalism, discussed above. Unique conservativeRead MoreSurvival of the Fittest2218 Words   |  9 Pages Spencer wrote, where its fittest members are allowed to assert their fitness with the least hindrance (quoted in Bergman, n.d) He went on to argue that the unfit should not be prevented from dying out. His whole idea is based on the favor of competition and individuality. In his theory, he also mentioned about government should involve as little as possible, and also encouraged government not to aide the poor, since it would only promotes laziness and vice and many more other subject mattersRead MoreMen Are Superior to Women3698 Words   |  15 Pagesthe sexes and putting women into combat, the risks aren’t equal. This year we passed the milestone of 3,000 deaths in Iraq, and o f those, 2,938 were men, 62 were women. 3 One can imagine an ancient battle in which the enemy was driven off and the city saved, and the returning soldiers are showered with gold coins. An early feminist might protest that hey, all those men are getting gold coins, half of those coins should go to women. In principle, I agree. But remember, while the men you see are

The Judicial Branch free essay sample

The Judicial Branch is the most important branch of the United States government, due to the significant role it plays in interpreting and determining if laws are constitutional. Even though the Judicial Branch is the smallest in size and has smallest budget of any branch in our nation’s government, it exercises enormous power and is equal to other branches of the government because it has the power of Judicial Review. Judicial Review is the review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act. The Creation of the Federal Courts The Constitution defines the structure and functions of the legislative branch of the government. It clearly addresses the responsibilities and powers of the president. But, it treats the judicial branch almost as an afterthought. Article III specifically creates only one court (the Supreme Court), allows judges to serve for life and to receive compensation, broadly outlines original jurisdiction, and outlines the trial procedure for and limitations of congressional power against those accused of treason. Framers of the Constitution The framers of the Constitution were clearly more interested in their experiment with legislative government than in the creation of a judicial system. Had it not been for John Marshall, the third chief justice of the Supreme Court, the judicial branch might well have developed into a weak, ineffective check on the legislature and the presidency. But Marshall changed everything by interpreting a power implied by Article III. Judicial review, or the power of the courts to overturn a law, was the vehicle he used to create the most powerful judicial branch in the history of the world. Article III basically implied that â€Å"the judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish†. It also stated that â€Å"The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority,†. Writs A writ is a written court order requiring a party to perform or cease to perform a given act. Marshalls decision was to declare the writ of mandamus unconstitutional, claiming that Congress had passed a law repugnant to the Constitution. He declared that because Article III did not grant the judicial branch the power of the writ of mandamus, and so the Supreme Court was unable to order Madison to act. Of course, Jefferson and Madison were happy with the decision, and the crisis passed, with only a disgruntled prospective justice (Marbury) to protest. i How the Supreme Court gets the Final Word No one seemed to understand the grand implications of what Marshall had done: he had created the power of judicial review. This established the standard that only the federal courts could interpret the Constitution. This power has given federal judges the final word in settling virtually every major issue that has challenged the government in American history. Today, the judicial branch not only provides strong checks and balances to the executive and legislative branches; it possesses a tremendous amount of policy-making power in its own right. This power rests more on the standard of judicial review set by Marshall in 1803 than on the provisions of the Constitution. How the Judges and Justices of the Federal Courts are chosen The first of three ways Judges and Justices are chosen is the Nomination Process. The Constitution provides broad parameters for the judicial nomination process. It gives the responsibility for nominating federal judges and justices to the president. It also requires nominations to be confirmed by the Senate. But many vacancies do occur during a presidents term of office. Appointing judges, then, could be a full-time job. A president relies on many sources to recommend appropriate nominees for judicial posts. Recommendations often come from the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, members of Congress, sitting judges and justices, and the American Bar Association. Some judicial hopefuls even nominate themselves. A special, very powerful tradition for recommending district judges is called senatorial courtesy. According to this practice, the senators from the state in which the vacancy occurs actually make the decision. A senator of the same political party as the President sends a nomination to the president, who almost always follows the recommendation. To ignore it would be a great affront to the senator, as well as an invitation for conflict between the president and the Senate. Presidents must consider many factors in making their choices for federal judgeships. Let’s start with the first of four factors, Experience followed by Political Ideology, Party and personal loyalties; finally they consider Ethnicity and gender. †¢Experience- Most nominees have had substantial judicial or governmental experience, either on the state or federal level. Many have law degrees or some other form of higher education. †¢Political ideology- Presidents usually appoint judges who seem to have a similar political ideology to their own. In other words, a president with a liberal ideology will usually appoint liberals to the courts. Likewise, conservative presidents tend to appoint conservatives. †¢Party and personal loyalties- A remarkably high percentage of a residents appointees belong to the presidents political party. Although political favoritism is less common today than it was a few decades ago, presidents still appoint friends and loyal supporters to federal judgeships. †¢Ethnicity and gender- Until relatively recently, almost all federal judges were white males. Today, however, ethnicity and gender are important criteria for appointing judges. In 1967, Lyndon Johnson appointed the first African American Supreme Court justice, Thurgood Marshall. In 1981, Ronald Reagan appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court, Sandra Day OConnor. All recent presidents have appointed African Americans, Latinos, members of other ethnic minority groups, and women to district courts and courts of appeal. The power of the Federal Courts Not everyone agrees on how much power the judicial branch should have. After all, federal judges and justices are appointed, not elected. As most Americans believe in democracy, shouldnt elected officials run the country? On the other hand, perhaps American government would be fairer if judges had even more power. Because they do not have to worry about reelection, they are relieved of the outside pressure of public opinion. After all, the majority is not always right. It is no accident that the Founders provided for elected officials in the legislature and appointed officials in the judiciary. They believed that freedom, equality, and justice are best achieved by a balance between the two branches of government. Checks on Judicial Power The president and Congress have some control of the judiciary with their power to appoint and confirm appointments of judges and justices. Congress also may impeach judges, alter the organization of the federal court system, and amend the Constitution. Congress can also get around a court ruling by passing a previous law declared unconstitutional by the Courts. Courts also have limited power to implement the decisions that they make. For example, if the president or another member of the executive branch chooses to ignore a ruling, there is very little that the federal courts can do about it. The power of the Courts The federal courts most important power is judicial review, or the authority to interpret the Constitution. When federal judges rule that laws or government actions violate the spirit of the Constitution, they profoundly shape public policy. For example, federal judges have declared over 100 federal laws unconstitutional. Another measure of the Supreme Courts power is its ability to overrule itself. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that schools segregated by race were unconstitutional. This reversed the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision that upheld the doctrine of separate but equal. i For the most part, though, federal courts do have a great deal of respect for previous decisions. A very strong precedent called stare decisis (let the decision stand) directs judges to be cautious about overturning decisions made by past courts. i Judicial Activism versus Judicial Restraint Judicial Activism is an interpretation of the U. S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court). While Judicial Restraint is a theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power. The lack of agreement regarding the policy making power of courts is reflected in the debate over judicial activism versus judicial restraint. Judicial activists believe that the federal courts must correct injustices that are perpetuated or ignored by the other branches. Supporters of judicial restraint point out that appointed judges are immune to public opinion, and if they abandon their role as careful and cautious interpreters of the Constitution, they become unelected legislators. Despite the debate over what constitutes the appropriate amount of judicial power, the United States federal courts remain the most powerful judicial system in world history. Their power is enhanced by life terms for judges and justices, and they play a major role in promoting the core American values of freedom, equality, and justice. Conclusion That is why I believe the Judicial Branch is the strongest branch of the Government. Because not only does it interpret laws and declare if they are constitutional, they also execute their power of Judicial Review. They also have extensive power due to their ability to deny any court case, also higher up courts in the Federal Court System can accept those denied cases. Such as The Supreme Court did in the instance of Brown V. Board of Education, and Plessy V. Ferguson.

Investigation Of International Financial -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Investigation Suitable Of International Financial? Answer: Introduction The issue that has been presented in the question is that the Singapore Accounting Standards Council (ASC) announced that the Singapore-incorporated companies would be moving to a amended reporting framework in regards to the recording of the financial particulars that is similar to International Financial Reporting Standards for the financial years starting from 1st January 2018. The adoption of the IFRS has become an important step in the accounting world. The adoption has continued to grow from the financial year of 2005. The factors enhancing the implementation of the IFRS revolve around the facts that these accounting principles improve the quality of the financial statements, enhances the reliability, relevance and the comparability of the financial statements (Albaskri, 2015). However, there are certain areas that should be considered in determining the worthiness of the International Financial Reporting Standards. The particular way in which the International Financial Reporting Standards are applied differ from one country to another. This is primarily because the different countries have different regulations that may be adhered to while preparing the financial statements of the company. Thus, the major drawback of the accounting regulatory principles lies in the fact that the suitability of the IFRS is poor resulting in the corrupted organizations exploiting the financial position of the company by not representing the true and fair view of the company (Altarawneh, 2015). The second aspect of the regulatory principles that affect the integrity of the International Financial Reporting Standards is revenue recognition. The current standard of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles reflect that the costs associated with the transactions will only be realized when the services have been delivered in real or the money in regards to the transaction has been received. This particular regulation has resulted in some of the software companies to prepare the contracts in a way that carve out and upgrade the prices separately along with the other services whose value is difficult to ascertain. This enable the companies to resolve the accounting problems but result in the manipulation of the accounting standards that influence the way in which business is done rather than focusing on the performance of the company, that is the primary motive behind the preparation of the accounting statements. The limitations of the revenue recognition system in regards to the implementation of the International Financial Reporting Standards have resulted in the companies to increasingly utilize the corrupted and unethical practices for the purpose of reporting the financial performance of the company. The multinational companies and firms that share a worldwide reputation can evidently support this fact (Dhankar, Chakladerb Guptac, 2015). These firms have stated the fact that the compliance with the traditional accounting guidelines established by the International Financial Reporting Standards have resulted in the measurement and the recognition of the revenues and the expenses that have restricted the scope in the true and fair view of the representation of the financial statements of the respective companies. However, the global standard setting body has acknowledged this particular problem and has brought about a change in the International Financial Reporting Standards and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The new accounting regulations will permit the companies to bundle the services and goods pertaining to the future, into contracts for the recognition of the revenue in the particular financial year that it is earned by the utilization of the estimations in regards to the future costs and revenues. However, it should be noted here that this particular change would not be able to eliminate the problems, completely. The estimation of the costs requires the executives of the company to exercise their judgment. This opens up the opportunity for the managers to make errors or commit fraudulent activities like making fake inclination in the annual reports of the companies that represent closure towards the achievement of the financial targets of the companies (Hitz, Kaumanns Lehman n, 2016). The unofficial measures that have been undertaken by the corporate entities for the treatment of the unofficial earnings like the financial component of Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. The drawbacks of the International Financial Reporting Standards have also resulted in the major discrepancies in the accounting statements of the respective organizations (K?l?a Uyarb, 2017). Another problem with the International Financial Reporting Standards is that the managers and the investors for the determination of the value of the assets of the firm do not properly utilize the fair value accounting principles. The fair value accounting standards also provide the required scope to the managers and other administrative executives of the firm to commit fraudulent activities like the understatement or the overstatement of the revenues or the losses for representing the desired image of the firm (K?l?a Uyarb, 2017). Therefore, it is evident that the principle-based financial statements are much more susceptible to fraud. However, the adoption of the new financial reporting framework by the Singapore-incorporated companies should aim to utilize the IFRS standards as the fundamental foundation for the establishment of the same (Samujh Devi, 2015). References Albaskri, I. K. (2015). The perception of accountants on IFRS adoption: Evidence from Libya (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Utara Malaysia). Altarawneh, M. S. S. (2015). An Investigation into the Suitability of International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) in Jordan (Doctoral dissertation, Liverpool John Moores University). Dhankar, R. S., Chakladerb, B., Guptac, A. (2015). Implementing IFRS from the perspective of public sector banks in India. Hitz, J. M., Kaumanns, S., Lehmann, N. (2016). Identifying consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption: The role of selection effects. K?l?a, M., Uyarb, A. (2017). Adoption process of IFRS for SMEs in Turkey: Insights from academics and accountants. Accounting Management Information Systems/Contabilitate si Informatica de Gestiune, 16(2). Laswad, F., Redmayne, N. B. (2015). IPSAS or IFRS as the Framework for Public Sector Financial Reporting? New Zealand Preparers Perspectives. Australian Accounting Review, 25(2), 175-184. Samujh, H., Devi, S. S. (2015). Implementing IFRS for SMEs: Challenges for Developing Economies. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 4(3), 39-59.